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CET-4阅读理解的命题特征及应试策略
①偷梁换柱
同一律要求在同一思维过程中,概念必须保持同一,原来在什么意义上使用某概念,就应该一直按这个意义使用这一概念,不能任意变换。所谓偷梁换柱,就是在同一思维过程中,用内涵、外延不同的另一概念去代替内涵和外延已经确定的概念。即命题者采用原文中的句子结构和大部分的词汇,但不经意间换上几个词,造成曲解原意。这种干扰手法主要是利用考生因解题时间紧或者粗枝大叶而没有细细品读全部选择项的心理弱点。由于干扰项与原文极为相似,有时甚至只差一个词,对考生的干扰性特别强。如:
CET-4 2005.1 Passage One Question12. We learn from the passage that ___________ . A) one doesn’t need to take any medicine if he has a cold or the flu.
B) aspirin should not be included in over-the-counter medicines for the flu
C) delayed treatment of the flu will harm the liver and central nervous system
D) over-the-counter drugs can be taken to ease the misery caused by a cold or the flu
不少考生认为C是正确答案。乍一看,C选项与原文第七段最后一句:However, children and teens with a cold or flu should not take aspirin for pain relief because of the risk of Reye syndrome, a rare but serious condition of the liver and central nervous system. 后半句基本一致。但是仔细阅读上下文就会发现,原文所要表达的意思是说Reye综合症对肝和中枢神经系统有严重影响,这与流感的治疗延误与否无关。
②张冠李戴
张冠李戴的手法就是混淆两种不同的事物,问的是“此物”,却用“彼物”设置为选择项,以图干扰考生,引人入彀。有时题干是主语,选项是谓语,考生就要留心题干的主语和选项的谓语构成的主谓结构是否张冠李戴。例如:
CET-4 2005.6 Passage Four Question36. The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America’s “Last Great Places” is to ___________ .
A) gain support from the local community
B) protect it from irresponsible development
C) make it a better home for black bears
D) provide financial security for future generations
有些考生一看到D就作出了错误选择,因为原文第四段段末有这样一个句子:As a result, his family’s land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson. 但他们没有看清现在问的是“将Poconos地区命名为美国‘最后的一片乐土’之一的目的”,而不是“Francis与协会合作,将农场加入县级发起的农庄保护计划的原因”。此外,命题者还会利用文中对中心话题提出的不同常理的新颖观点,将文章作者和他人的观点混淆起来。这也是一种常见的命题手法。
③无中生有
无中生有是指命题者根据原文内容有意捏造事实,编造信息组成干扰项,并且这一推断并不能从原文任何一处找到相关依据。如:
CET-4 2005.6 Passage Two Question27. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players _________ .
A) are too eager to win
B) are usually short-tempered and easily offended
C) cannot afford to be polite in fierce competitions
D) treat their rivals as enemies
这道题对应的答题线索在第三段:Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. 而全文都没有提到ABC三种情况,虽然看似合理,但属于无中生有。有时,命题者还会利用文中反复出现的一些关键词来设置干扰项,其欺骗性就更大。
④本末倒置
在分析原因和解释现象的阅读题中,命题者常常将概念的主次关系颠倒,也就是说把次要原因和主要原因混在一起,把直接原因和间接原因混在一起,考生就需要仔细区分。
例如: CET-4 1997.6 Passage Three Question25. The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to _______.
A) compare the consequences of the earthquakes that occurred in the U.S.
B) encourage civil engineers to make more extensive use of computers
C) outline the history of the development of quake-resistant building materials
D) report new developments in constructing quake-resistant buildings
作者写这篇文章的主要目的是什么呢?有些考生选择了A,当然文章开头就对比了发生在美国洛杉矶的两次地震,但是这只是为了引出下面的主题,即介绍防震建筑的新发展。这里命题者就颠倒了主次,企图以此干扰考生。
⑤以偏概全
有时命题者故意改动文中结论,以局部代替全部,以部分代替整体,以一种情形代替所有情形,这就是“以偏概全”。如:
CET-4 1998.1 Passage Two Question20. The best title for the passage would be ___________ .
A) The Importance of Newspaper Topicality
B) The Characteristics of a Good Newspaper
C) The Variety of a Good Newspaper
D) Some Suggestions on How to Read a Newspaper
文章作者从报道内容的范畴、读报的方式、针对的读者群、内容的时事性等方面切入,阐述了一份好报纸应具备的特色。选项B概括全面,当然是最佳选项。而选项A和C只是涉及其中一个方面的特点,就是“以偏概全”。
⑥过犹不及
归纳所给材料的主旨或对总结其中一段的大意也是阅读理解题所要考查的一项基本能力。命题者在这里时常设置的陷阱是添枝加叶,用超过文章范围的结论来迷惑考生。举例如下:
CET-4 2006.1 Passage four Question40. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is __________ .
A) a social issue calling for immediate attention
B) not necessary among family members
C) a sign of social progress
D) not as simple as it seems
通观全篇,作者列举了三种虚假道歉的情况,都是来证明恰当得体的道歉需要一定的技巧,但并没有像选项A那样,将“道歉”上升到亟待关注的社会问题这一层面,有些言过其实了。从某种意义上说,考试是命题者与考生之间的一场智力游戏。只要考生平时多揣摩命题者的出题思路,熟悉命题手法,经常站在命题者的角度来思维,就一定能在CET考试中占得上风。
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